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CHAPTER II:
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE CIVILIANS OF
ROBERTSON COUNTY, TEXAS IN THE WORLD WAR
1.
Introduction
2.
Local Board
3.
Council Of Defense
4.
Liberty Loans
5. War Savings
Stamps
6. Red Cross
7. Food Supply
& Conservation
8. Legal Advisory Board
9. Government
Appeals Agent
10. Miscellaneous
Activities
1. Introduction
Almost every family in Robertson
County had a
member or a friend in the military service before the close of the
war. This caused the people at home to become vitally interested,
and to feel that there was something that they could do to help win the
war. With few exceptions the people did everything within their
power to aid the cause, so that the boys on the firing line might have
the very best of everything. The people realized as never before
that the conflict was not only between the armies but also between the
peoples who stayed at home.
When the United States entered the World
War, and began the preparation to create a powerful army, steps were
taken to mobilize the material resources of the country. Perhaps
as never before the people in all walks of life played an important
part in winning the war. With almost the whole world involved in
the conflict it became very necessary that every citizen, from the
oldest inhabitant to the small children, have a share in the
work. The people at home had aided in past wars, but never before
had the United States attempted and completed such a well organized
system for providing and equipping the army and navy.
Robertson
County did
its part as a cog in the vast machine that helped to win the war.
The county had a well organized and efficient Local Board, and an
active County Council of Defense. Well organized campaigns were
carried on to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds and War Saving
Stamps. The Red Cross, Food Conservation, and various other war
activities found men, women and children ready to respond to the call
of their country.
2. Local Board
The Local Board became one of the best known, as
well as one of the most powerful agencies for carrying out the
provisions of the Selective Service Act of May 18, 1917. The
duties of the board were burdensome but they performed them without
complaint and with efficiency. The board was made up of men from
all vocations, but this added to rather than detracted from its
effectiveness in carrying out the instructions of the War Department.[1] More physicians were appointed on the
board than individuals selected from any other profession.[2] This was perhaps due to the large
amount of medical work required of the board.
When the Robertson County Local Board was
created some work had already been done by the local county
officials. Under the supervision of Sheriff G. W. Davlin, a
registrar had been appointed for each of the seventeen voting boxes.[3] Through the press in the county much
publicity had been given concerning registration, and on June 5, 1917,
a total of 2,525 men registered at the various voting places in the
county with 793 claiming exemption.[4]
Not one man in the county between the ages of twenty-one and thirty-one
who was subject to registry failed to comply with the law.
In June, 1917, Governor James E.
Ferguson appointed Seth P. Burnett, Calvert, Texas, Ben C. Love, Franklin, Texas
and Dr. A. J. Sharp, Franklin,
Texas, as members of the
Robertson County Local Board.[5] All
three men accepted their appointments, and at once assumed full
responsibility for carrying out the provisions of the Selective Service
Act. Mr. Burnett became president, Mr. Love secretary and Dr.
Sharp assumed the duties of making the physical examination of the men
called into service. Mr. Gus Kellogg gave part time service
without remuneration until the board was permitted to employ Miss Katy
Wilson to assist in the clerical work. Dr. J. W. Black of Hearne, Texas[6] also assisted with the physical
examinations when the work became too heavy for one man to handle.
On September 18, 1918, the Governor of
Texas appointed George E. Brown and B. E. Satterfield members of the
Robertson County Local Board[7] to succeed
Seth P. Burnett and Ben C. Love, who had resigned. These two men
qualified and took over the work at once. Dr. Sharp continued to
serve until November 11, 1918[8] when he
was succeeded by Dr. S. J. Alexander of Hearne, Texas,
who served for a short term. Mr. Love and Dr. Sharp, then, both
resigned to enter the service, the latter entering the Medical Corps as
a commissioned officer, but the former being prevented from entering by
the Armistice.
The duties of the Local Board were
numerous. Their chief task, however, was to provide the raw
material for the military forces as directed by the War Department, and
especially to have men ready when the call came. It was necessary
to determine serial and order number of each registrant. Another
huge task was to classify all the men who had registered in the
county. Questionnaires were sent out to all registrants who had
not entered the service,[9] in December
1917. This enabled the Local Board to classify all registrants
and determine who should be put in deferred classes. After this
work was completed the chief duties were to have the men examined and
ready to send to training camps when the call came for the various
drafts.
The Local Board had charge of the second
registration, on June 5, 1918, when all young men who had attained the
age of twenty-one since the first registration were required to
register.[10] They also supervised
the third registration under the Act of August 31, 1918, which required
all male citizens between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one, and
thirty-two and forty-six, to register on September 18, 1918.[11]
3. Council
Of Defense
Secretary
of War Baker called a conference of representatives from the various
states to meet in Washington on May 2, 1917, to discuss the problem of
national defense, and to urge the co-operation of all the people toward
a common end.[12] Provision had been
made for a Council of National Defense by an amendment to the Army
Appropriation Act of August 29, 1916.[13]
Mr. J. J. Hirch represented Governor James E. Ferguson at this
conference, and submitted the plans adopted by the members of the
conference.[14] These plans
provided for national, state and local organizations throughout the
nation.
No
record exists of any serious attempt to form a Robertson County Council
of Defense until the summer of 1918, when an organization was completed
at Franklin, Texas.
The following article, which was taken from The Central
Texan, gives a brief account of this organization:
The
Robertson County Council of Defense was organized at Franklin, Tuesday,
August 13. The officers elected were Roy D. L. Killough,
Chairman, Dr. Will Parker, of Calvert, V. Chmn., W. C. Crane, of
Franklin, as Secy.
The
Council is composed of nine members as follows:
|
Dr. H. W. Cummings, Hearne |
S. M. Peters, Bremond |
J. M. Brown, Bald Prairie |
|
J. M. Richardson, Easterly |
R. D. L. Killough, Franklin |
W. C. Crane, Franklin |
|
Henry Mitchell, Wheelock |
Dr. Will Parker, Calvert |
Guy Townsend, Calvert |
A
resolution was passed adopting the plan set out by the National
Government. A Community Council of six men and three women will
be organized in each school district.
The
purpose of the Council will be to create a central organization which
shall be a channel through which all of Robertson
County’s
war activities may flow.
The nine
members of the County Council have received their commissions from the
government.
A big
rally will be held in the near future, and delegates will be expected
from each school district.[15]
The
Robertson County Council of Defense continued to be active until after
the close of the war. A local council of Defense was organized in
Franklin, Texas,
September 8, 1918, which was a unit of the county organization.[16] Hearne, Calvert, Bremond, Easterly,
New Baden, Hammond and Benchley organized Community Councils of
Defense, which worked in co-operation with the county, state and
national organization.[17]
On
September 14, 1918, the Woman’s Committee of the Robertson County
Council of Defense was organized at Calvert,
Texas,
with Mrs. W. T. Corby as Chairman, Mrs. P. T. Norton, First Vice
Chairman, Mrs. W. C. Taylor, Second Vice Chairman, and Miss Emily Dunn
as Secretary and Treasurer.[18] No
record is available of any activities of this organization.
The duties
of the County Council of Defense were of various types. In
addition to the duty of co-coordinating the war activities in the
county, efforts were made to encourage patriotism by sponsoring
patriotic meetings.[19] Another
important function was to investigate cases where citizens or aliens
were reported to lack the necessary patriotism in carrying out the war
program. One man from Easterly, Texas, worth twenty-five thousand
dollars, refused to join the Red Cross.[20]
Another said he did not care who won the war, and refused to buy
anything. Usually after a friendly talk, or a letter from the
Council, such a person contributed his part to the cause.[21] Sometimes their refusal had been
caused by the way in which they had been approached.
Mr. R. D.
L. Killough resigned October 12, 1918, as Chairman of the Robertson
County Council of Defense, and Mr. R. M. Duffey, who was at the
Chairman of the local Council for Franklin Independent School District,
was appointed to fill the vacancy.[22]
Mr. Duffey continued to serve until the work was completed.
4. Liberty Loans
The necessity for large sums of money to
carry on the war against Germany and her allies made it essential to
float loans in the form of bonds, and to sell these bonds to the
average citizen as well as the people of wealth. Since the
average individual is a borrower and not a lender it became necessary
to convince the people that it was their duty to make the loans even if
they had to be made at a great sacrifice.
The first Liberty Loan of two billion
dollars was offered by Secretary McAdoo in May, 1917. On May 26,
1917, County Judge W. M. Johnson called a meeting of the citizens of
Robertson County at the court house in Franklin, Texas, to enlist the
aid of the citizenship in putting on a Liberty Loan campaign.[23] Speeches were made by leading
citizens, and Ben C. Love, K. W. Gilmore, and John H. Lomax were
appointed as a committee to direct the campaign in the county.[24] The first two hours’ work of
the committee netted approximately seven thousand dollars, largely in
sums of fifty and one hundred dollars.[25]
Almost every one approached took one or more bonds.[26]
People continued to buy bonds until subscriptions were closed on June
15, 1917.[27]
In
October, 1917, the Second Liberty Loan of three billion was offered to
the public.[28] This loan was to
bear interest at the rate of four per cent, which was one-half per cent
higher than that of the previous loan. The banks in Robertson
County served as distributing agents with the
aid of Judge W. M. Johnson, who was appointed by the Federal Reserve
Bank to conduct the campaign.[29]
The bonds were offered to the public on the installment plan. The
banks also offered to loan the money for outright purchase and hold the
bond for security. The people responded liberally, and Robertson County soon
went over the top.[30]
Judge W. M. Johnson was again appointed
by the Federal Reserve Bank to conduct the Third Liberty Loan
drive. The first mass meeting in this campaign was held in
Franklin, April 17, 1918.[31] Mr.
Johnson introduced a number of prominent speakers who spoke to an
enthusiastic audience.
In a
short time the county had gone over the top, due to the enthusiasm of
the directors and patriotism of the citizenship. “A Grand
Patriotic Rally” was planned at Franklin for April 27, 1918 to
celebrate the success of the campaign.[32]
A crowd estimated at eight thousand people attended this
celebration. After the speaking and musical program was
concluded, the graduating class of the Franklin
High
School raised the “Honor Flag” sent by the
Federal Reserve Bank as a testimonial of the county going over the top
in raising its quota for the Third Liberty Loan.[33]
In
October, 1918, the Fourth Liberty Loan of six billion dollars was put
on the market.[34] The quota for
Robertson
County was set at $367,000, and by
October 21, 1918, more than two-thirds of the amount had been
subscribed.[35] With the banks
taking the lead the county soon went over the top.
In
April, 1919, the Fifth Liberty Loan of four and one-half billion was
put on the market in Robertson
County. This loan was better known as the
Victory Loan. The people were slow to respond to the drive in
this campaign as the war was over and many of the boys had returned
home.[36] The banks were taking
applications on the installment plan as they had in the other
campaigns. This campaign closed
May
10, 1918.
5. War Savings Stamps
The
purpose of the War Saving Stamps and Certificates was to make it
possible for the people with limited means to invest in government
securities.[37] This would not only
raise money for the government, but it would also encourage thrift and
patriotism.[38]
On
September 17, 1917, Congress passed a law authorizing the issuance of
two billion dollars in Thrift Stamps, valued at twenty-five cents each
at maturity.[39] When a person
bought enough to equal five dollars at maturity he was issued a War
Saving Certificate. This would cost the purchaser a few cents
over four dollars.
Mr. F.
A. Lipsitz of Dallas was appointed director for Texas.[40] The state was divided into counties,
with a man as chairman in general charge, and a woman in charge of the
women’s work. Mr. W. C. Crane of Franklin, Texas,
was appointed Chairman of the Robertson County War saving Stamps
Committee. Mrs. Roy Killough was in charge of the women’s
division.
The
quota for Robertson
County was set at $549,080, which was twenty
dollars per capita. On December
5, 1918, the sales reported amounted to $228,424.98, or $8.32 for each
person in the county. Some counties sold a much higher per capita
than Robertson County,
while many counties did not do so well.
One of
the features of the War Saving Stamps campaign in Robertson County was
the work by the children of school age.[41]
Thrift clubs were organized in many of the schools in the county, and
much interest and enthusiasm was created. Before the club
organized in the Franklin
Public School had
been in existence a month, the children had purchased more than seven
hundred dollars in Thrift Stamps.[42]
6. Red Cross
The American Red Cross was the only
volunteer society of the United States which the government had
authorized to render aid to our land and naval forces during the early
days of the war.[43] The activities
of this organization extended to all parts of the United States, and
received the active support of both old and young. No other
organization had better support than the Red Cross, due to its unique
work and its appeal to the average individual. The Junior Red
Cross enlisted the interest of the younger people, who in turn
stimulated the interest of the older people.
On June 18, 1917, the Franklin Branch
Chapter was granted a charter as an auxiliary at large, working as such
until January 1, 1918, when it was made a Branch Chapter, with a total
membership of 690 seniors and 1,390 junior Red Cross members.[44] Other communities in the county
organized chapters, and were also active. During the summer of
1917, both Calvert and Hearne made applications for authority to form
Red Cross auxiliaries for the purpose of securing members, and making
hospital supplies and surgical dressings.[45]
On June 23, 1917, a Red Cross
“Rally” was held on the court house lawn in Franklin, and
addresses were made by prominent citizens.[46]
Much interest was manifested. With the towns in the county taking
the lead, branches were organized in many rural communities.[47] Easterly had more than a hundred
active members in the branch organized in that community.
On January 18, 1918, a petition for
authority to form the Robertson County Chapter of the Red Cross, with
headquarters at Hearne, was presented to the Southwestern Division of
the Red Cross in St. Louis, bearing the following signatures:
Rev. E. A. Ingram, S. M. Gibson, Miss Julia Marquess, Mrs. Margarete
McCrary and Dr. W. S. Parker, Calvert; Mrs. C. C. Langford and K. W.
Gilmore, Franklin; Rev. J. R. Darby and L. B. Holbert, Bremond; and H.
H. Shultz and W. A. Wilkerson, Hearne.[48]
Authority was granted to form the organization and on January 22, 1918,
a meeting was held at Hearne and the following officers elected:
Dr. W. S. Parker, Chairman; Mrs. W. C. Anderson, Vice Chairman; Miss
Ina Lipscomb, Secretary; S. M. Gibson, Treasurer; W. C. Crane, Chairman
of Finance Committee; L. V. Holbert, Chairman of Extension; Mrs. R. C.
Allen, Chairman War Work; Dr. W. H. Cummings, Chairman of Home Service;
B. E. Satterfield, Chairman, Junior Membership; Rev. T. R. Morehead,
Chairman of Publicity; Dr. W. S. Parker, Chairman, Nursing Service; and
Dr. W. H. Cummings, Chairman, Military Relief.
In
addition to the fees for membership and other donations, a large amount
of money was raised for the Red Cross by benefit plays and other forms
of entertainment.[49] Also thousands
of articles were made in the county and shipped to the National Red
Cross headquarters for distribution.[50]
During the War, 19,935 surgical dressings, 199 knitted articles, 226
garments for refugees, and 1,525 miscellaneous article were made.
Robertson
County, with
a population of 27,454, secured 3,614 Red Cross members in 1918.[51]
The
way the citizenship of Robertson County responded to the second Red Cross
drive is clearly expressed by Editor F. S. Estes in the following
editorial: Ex-Governor Tom Campbell, of Palestine, was here
Monday and made an eloquent address to the Red Cross organization
here. The entire county was represented at the meeting, and as
Robertson County had
broken the record in its donations, the meeting was a veritable love
feast. Below will be found partial returns from
communities. The totals are approximately correct, with the
amounts still climbing.
|
Wheelock - $1,050 |
Easterly - $521 |
|
New
Baden - $1,348 |
Hearne Com. Precinct - $6,100 |
|
Calvert Com. Precinct - $3,500 |
Bremond Com. Precinct - $4,000 |
|
Franklin(including Easterly, New Baden,
Wheelock, Eaton, Ridge & Holly) - $6,800 |
|
Approximately a total of $21,000, or
more than double the quota for the county, was raised.
Credit
for this magnificent showing is not due any one section, but to a
spontaneous, patriotic response from all our people to our beloved Red
Cross organizations, and to our tireless county
Chairman, W.
C. Crane.
Very few of our citizens failed to
respond, and as soon as the reports are tabulated we expect to print
the amounts given by each individual. But "There is Glory Enough
for All".[52]
7.
Food Supply and Conservation
On May 19, 1917 the Federal Food
Administration was organized and placed under the control of the
Secretary of Agriculture.[53] By the
Lever Act of August 10, 1917, President Wilson was given almost
unlimited power in requisitioning food and supplies to carry on the war.[54] Herbert Hoover was made National
Food Administrator, and full power was delegated to him.[55] He at once set about to organize and
administer a nation-wide organization.
To
assist him in this organization, Hoover appointed state, district, and
county administrators. Mr. E. A. Peden was made Federal Food
Administrator for Texas, and L. M. Hewett was named local District Food
Administrator, with headquarters at Navasota,
Texas.
Judge B. E. Satterfield was appointed Federal Food Administrator for
Robertson County.[56] He began at
once to arouse interest in food conservation and production.
Meetings were held to discuss the ways in which the people of the
county could help to win the war with food.[57]
Meatless and wheatless days were observed. The stores were closed
early so that the merchants and clerks could grow war gardens.[58] Even the school children, in the
colored as well as in the white schools, pledged themselves to grow
“War Gardens”.[59]
In
response to a call from Judge Satterfield, a rousing meeting was held
at the court house in Franklin, Texas on Sunday, March 31, 1918 for the
purpose of considering the question of food conservation.[60] A large delegation assembled from
Franklin, Hearne, Calvert, Bremond, Wheelock, New Baden, Mumford,
Easterly, and almost every other community in the county. Dr. H.
W. Cummings of Hearne was elected chairman to preside over the
meeting. He at once appointed a committee to express suitable
resolutions to express the sentiment and wishes of the citizens
assembled. Hon. Scott Field of Calvert was Chairman of the
Resolution Committee. Other members of the committee were Wm.
McIntosh, Calvert; P. L. Brady, Hearne; Henry Mitchell, Wheelock;
Maurice Gilland,
Franklin; A.
C. Walker, Bremond; and Paul Schultz, New Baden.
The committee reported the following
resolutions:
We,
the citizens of Robertson County, in
mass meeting assembled on this beautiful Easter Sunday, typical of the
resurrection and inspiring promised of the Savior of mankind, in this,
the darkest period of our country’s history, give expression to
our views and sentiments in the following resolution:
First: We declare our undying
devotion to the principles of our republican government--freedom,
democracy and equality--and to preserve these sacred principles and our
form of government we dedicate our time, our fortune, and our
lives.
Second: We declare our
unfaltering loyalty to our government, obedience to the powers that be,
our support of the administration and our wise and patriotic president;
and hearts’ devotion to the flag of our country, the one and
perfect symbol of a reunited people.
Third: We still extend a friendly
hand and greeting to all loyal foreigners whom we have invited to our
shores, but we will neither tolerate nor permit any disloyal sentiment
or act on the part of any one, and favor the imposition of extreme
penalties for any such disloyalty.
Fourth: Our hearts are with our
gallant soldiers at the front and our common allies, and especially
with the soldier boys from Robertson County, and we are prepared to
make any necessary sacrifice to sustain them in their heroic struggle
against German autocracy and its allies, the enemies of liberty, of
civilization and mankind, and to meet a present necessity from shortage
of wheat and its products, we recommend that every merchant in
Robertson County having wheat flour in stock tender to the government,
through the food administration of this county, all such wheat
products, at actual cost to them; but to prevent waste or damage to
stocks on hand, we recommend that the merchants, before the same is
accepted by the government, continue to sell in the usual course of
trade under the rules and regulations of the food administration; and
we further recommend that the merchants of Robertson County cancel all
outstanding orders for wheat flour not now in transit, and that they
make no further purchases of wheat flour until advised by the food
administration that the necessity for such conservation of wheat flour
no longer exists.
Fifth: Rededicating ourselves to
the service of our country, to liberty and democracy, we are ready to
exert all our energies and make all necessary sacrifices to achieve
victory over our enemies, which alone can bring to the world the
blessing of peace.[61]
8. Legal Advisory Board
Under an
Act of Congress, the Governor of Texas was given authority to appoint
three attorneys for each county or local board district, to be known as
the Legal Advisory Board.[62] As
many other lawyers as were needed might also be added to the
board. The duty of this board was to give legal advice to any of
the local war aid organizations and professional advice to registrants
concerning the questionnaires.[63]
All the attorneys in Robertson County were placed on this board.[64] They gave assistance to the
registrants, and aided in filling out the questionnaires.[65] They gave much of their time without
remuneration.
9. Government
Appeals Agent
Under regulations effective December 15,
1918, the governor was authorized to designate one or more persons to
take appeals in case of dissatisfaction with rulings of the Local Board
as to the Classification of the registrant.[66]
The District Board was located at San Antonio, Texas.[67]
The Governor of Texas, following the
usual custom,[68] appointed Hon. K. W.
Gilmore, County Attorney of Robertson County, as Government Appeal
Agent for this county.[69] His duty
was to represent the government in cases of appeal from the decision of
the Local Board. Any citizen had the right to have any case
appealed if he believed that the Board had exempted anyone not
deserving exemption.
10. Miscellaneous
Activities
Soon after the United States declared
war on Germany, Home Guards were formed in some of the larger towns in
Robertson County.[70] The purpose of
the Home Guards was to teach some of the essentials of soldiery to
those who were interested.[71] Large
numbers of men and boys might be seen drilling in the late
afternoons.
Some
funds were raised in
Robertson
County during the war for the Knights of Columbus and the Young
Men’s Christian Association. The total raised is not known,
but through the efforts of John P. Viviano, of Hearne, Texas, $30.50
was raised and sent to the national headquarters of the Knights of
Columbus in November, 1917.[72] Mr.
L. A. Coulter, state campaign director of the War Work Council of the
Young Men’s Christian Association, reported that Robertson County
had contributed $1,330.00 to the Young Men’s Christian
Association prior to February 15, 1918.[73]
H. L.
McKnight of Bryan, Texas was appointed district chairman for the United
War Work Campaign for Robertson, Madison, Grimes, Montgomery and Brazos
Counties.[74] W. C. Crane of
Franklin was made chairman of Robertson
County to
direct the work in this county. The purpose of this organization
was to conduct only one campaign instead of seven to raise funds for
the seven organizations doing work for the soldiers. The
co-operating agencies were the Y.M.C.A., Y.W.C.A., War Camp Community
Service, the American Library Association, National Catholic War
Council, the Jewish Welfare Board, and the Salvation Army. Mrs.
T. C. Westbrook was made district leader for women, and Miss Minerva
McQueen was district executive for young people.[75]
Some very excellent work was done by this organization before its work
was discontinued.
Immediately following the signing of the Armistice, a campaign was
started to raise funds to erect a monument on the court house lawn in
Franklin to be dedicated to the boys in service from Robertson County.[76] The funds were to be raised by
donations of ten cents from each citizen in the county that was
interested in the project. Much interest was manifested, and the
money was deposited in the bank to the credit of the County
Judge.[77] Quite a large amount had been raised
when the failure of the bank in which the money had been deposited
caused the project to be abandoned.[78]
[1]
E. H. Crowder, Second Report of the Provost
Marshall to the Secretary of
War, 1918, p. 279.
[2] Ibid.,
277.
[3] The
Central Texan, (Franklin) June 1, 1917.
[4] Ibid.,
June 15, 1917.
[5] Ibid.,
July 6, 1917.
[6]
Personal conversation with Ben C. Love, Secretary Robertson County
Local Board.
[7] The
Central Texan, October 4, 1918.[8]
Personal conversation with Dr. A. J. Sharp, a Member of the Robertson
County Local Board.
[9]
Personal conversation with Mr. Ben C. Love, Secretary of Robertson
County Local Board.
[10] Crowder, Second
Report of the Provost Marshall
General to the Secretary of
War, 1918, p. 24.
[11] Ibid.,
p. 26.
[12] Council of
National Defense, First Annual Report to
Government, p. 43.
[13] O.
E. Turner, History of
Texas State Council
of Defense, p. 12.
[14] Texas War
Records, Letter from J. J. Hirch to Governor Ferguson.
[15] The Central
Texan, August 16, 1918.
[16] Ibid.,
September 13, 1918.
[17]
Report of Organization of Robertson County
Community Council of Defense, Texas University
War Collection.
[18] Letter from
Mrs. W. T. Corby to Mrs. Reese Wilson date September 20, 1918.
[19] The Central
Texan, September 20, 1918.
[20] Letter from
R. D. L. Killough to J. F. Carl of September 28, 1918.
[21] Personal
conversation with Mr. R. M. Duffey.
[22] Letter from
R. D. L. Killough to State Headquarters of October 12, 1918.
[23] The Central
Texan, May 25, 1917.
[24] Ibid.,
June 1, 1917.
[25] The Hearne
Democrat (Hearne) June 8, 1917.
[26] Ibid.,
June 8, 1917.
[27] The Central
Texan, June 15, 1917.
[28]
Treasury Department, Second
Liberty Loan.
[29] The Central
Texan, October 19, 1917.
[30]
Personal conversation with W. C. Crane, Cashier of First State Bank,
Franklin, Texas.
[31] The Hearne
Democrat, June 12, 1918.
[32] The Central
Texan, April 26, 1918.
[33] Ibid.,
May 3, 1918.
[34] Ibid.,
October 18, 1918.
[35]
Liberty Loan Report for
Texas,
October 21, 1918.
[36] The Central
Texan, May 9, 1919.
[37] Ibid.,
December 14, 1917.
[38] W.S.S.
Bulletin 145, 1918, p. 3.
[39] W.S.S.
Bulletin 144, 1918, p. 14.
[40]
Louis Lipsitz, War Saving Stamp Report for
Texas.
[41] The Central
Texan, March 1, 1918.
[42] Ibid.,
March 29, 1918.
[43] The Hearne
Democrat, June 8, 1918.
[44] The Central
Texan, June 7, 1918.
[45]
Letter from Miss Marie Hopkins, American National Red Cross, St. Louis, Mo.
[46] The Central
Texan, June 22, 1917.
[47] Ibid.,
June 26, 1918.
[48]
Letter from American National Red Cross, Midwestern Branch Office, St.
Louis, Mo.
[49] The Central
Texan, April 26, 1918.
[50] Ibid.,
June 7, 1918.
[51]
Letter from National Red Cross, St. Louis, Mo.
[52] The Central
Texan, May 31, 1918.
[53] H.
G. Hendricks, The Federal Food Administration
for
Texas, l.
[54] Federal
Government Bulletin, 1918.
[55] H.
G. Hendricks, The Federal Food Administration
for
Texas, 14.
[56] The Central
Texan, March 1, 1918.
[57] The Central
Texan, April 5, 1918.
[58] Ibid.,
March 8, 1918.
[59] Ibid.,
March 8, 1918.
[60] Ibid.,
April 5, 1918.
[61] The Hearne
Democrat, April 5, 1918.
[62] E. H.
Crowder, Second Report of the Provost
Marshall to the Secretary of
State, 295.
[63] Ibid.,
296.
[64] Personal
conversation with Ben C. Love, Secretary of Robertson County Local
Board, Franklin, Texas.
[65] The Hearne
Democrat, January 4, 1918.
[66] E. H.
Crowder, Second Report of the Provost
Marshall General to the Secretary
of War, 291.
[67] The Central
Texan, August 17, 1917.
[68] Crowder, Second
Report of the Provost Marshall
General to the Secretary of
State, 290.
[69] The Central
Texan, August 17, 1917.
[70] Ibid.,
May 25, 1917.
[71] The Hearne
Democrat, April 20, 1917.
[72] The Hearne
Democrat, November 30, 1917.
[73] Ibid.,
February 15, 1918.
[74] The Central
Texan, October 25, 1918.
[75] The Hearne
Democrat, November 8, 1918.
[76] The Central
Texan, November 29, 1918.
[77] Ibid.,
December 6, 1918.
[78]
Personal conversations with
Franklin
citizens.
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